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By 18 months, remarkable emotional competence emerges.

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Toddlers begin to exhibit what scholars call “self–conscious emotions,” emotions associated with awareness of a “self” that is judged by others (e.g., guilt, shame, and embarrassment).

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For example, in one experiment, researchers asked mothers to place rouge on the nose of their toddlers and place them in front of a mirror.

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Toddlers younger than 18 months seemed to have no emotional response.

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However, by about 18 months, the toddlers became upset when looking at themselves in the mirror.

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Although they didn’t know the word, they were experiencing embarrassment.

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By 18 months, children are also beginning to develop the ability to feel empathy for the emotional states of others.

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This level of development is evident when a 2–year–old offers a hug to another child who is crying, as if to say, “I feel better when mom hugs me so I will hug you.”